If you say borei pri ha'gafen and drink at least 2 fl. oz. (59 ml) of wine (or grape juice) within 30 seconds, the borei pri ha'gafen will cover all subsequent beverages you drink at about the same time--even if their fore-blessing should be she'hakol.
NoteSaying the after-blessing on the wine/grape juice--if drinking at least 3.3 fl. oz. (99 ml) of the wine/grape juice--covers the water or other beverage that you drank.

You may say a new blessing on any remaining wine if:

• You said, or heard someone saying, borei pri ha'gafen,
• Drank some wine (or grape juice),
• Decided to stop drinking (hesech da'at), and
• Returned to drink from the same cup later.

Say the fore-blessing borei minei mezonot on non-bread foods if:

• Grain
  The Five Grains (wheat, rye, oats, barley, or spelt) make up at least 20\% of the food's flour volume, AND
• Cooking Method
  Food is cooked or baked, AND
• Meal or Snack
  You intend to eat the food as a snack and not a meal.
  Note If you intend to eat a full meal that includes mezonot of a cake-like or bread-like texture, say ha'motzi.
  For basing the fore-blessing on the main or preferential ingredient in a food mixture and/or saying two fore-blessings, see Fore-Blessings (Bracha Rishona): Food Mixtures: Main Ingredient  and Introduction to Food Fore-Blessings (Bracha Rishona): The Five Grains.

You must say borei pri ha'gafen if you want to drink wine (or grape juice) after you heard kiddush and then:

• Spoke without drinking any amount of kiddush beverage, and/or  

• Spoke before the kiddush leader drank at least 2 fl. oz. (59 ml) of wine (or grape juice) from his cup, and/or
• Heard someone make kiddush over a she'hakol, even if you drank from that cup.

 

A slope of about 25 degrees from vertical that is steeper than 5 inches vertical for 12 inches horizontal (a 5” rise over a 12” run) constitutes an eruv border; it must be at least 40" high.
 

You may use a car as a part of an eruv, as long as:

• The bottom of the car is within 10.5 inches of the ground, and
• One side of the car is in line with other parts of the eruv, such as with an actual wall, lechi + mashkof, or steep slope.

 

Bushes may be a border if they are:

• So dense that a cat can't walk through them, and
• More than 40” (10 tefachim) high.

 

Say borei pri ha'gafen on wine or grape juice, whether at a meal with bread or not.

If you said or heard the blessing borei pri ha'gafen, finished drinking had hesech da'at, and then want to make a new blessing over the remaining wine in the cup, see Borei Pri HaGafen: Saying Again.

You may use the trunk of a tree as part of an eruv, but consult a rabbi about the spacing and curvature of the roots.
 

Selecting Good from Bad and Bad from Good
Boreir Principle #1: You may eat anything in the manner in which it is normally eaten.
ExamplePeeling an orange.
 
Boreir Principle #2: You may not use a specialized tool.
 
Boreir Principle #3: You may not remove “bad” from “good.”
What To Do  Take good (edible or desired food) from the undesired (bad) components.
Note You may do this only when you are ready to eat it or when you are preparing the food to be eaten soon afterward.
 
Note Boreir is a complicated area of halacha. Because issues of boreir are almost always from the Torah (d'oraita, not d'rabanan), we are stringent in applying restrictions concerning boreir. Consult a rabbi for specific questions.
 
Selecting Undesired from Desired Food
On Shabbat, you may not usually separate totally undesired from totally desired food in a standard way, even without a specialized tool.
    NOTE As on Jewish festivals, an action needed to eat a food normally (derech achila) does not violate the prohibition of boreir on Shabbat. So you may peel a food that is normally separated from its peel or shell in order to be eaten, as long as you do not use a specialized instrument to do so. For example, on Shabbat, you may do the following by hand without a shinu'i:

• Peel an orange
• Remove the shell of a hard-boiled egg
• Separate peanuts from their shells.

NOTE If peanut shells are then put into a container that also has unshelled peanuts, you may not remove the empty shells from that mixture!
SITUATION You want remove dirt from a carrot's surface on a Shabbat.
WHAT TO DO You may remove the dirt with an altered method (shinu'i), such as scraping the peel with a knife (which is a tool not specialized for separating food)-- but not by using a peeler.
REASON The normal way to eat the carrot is to peel it.
 Selecting Desired from Undesired Food
 
While eating food (and some time before--within the amount of time you would normally need to prepare a meal), you may select desired food from undesired (or inedible) substances by hand or non-specialized tool. You may not use a specialized implement.
EXAMPLE You may remove fish from its skeleton even before eating it, but you may not remove the skeleton from the fish (because you have removed bad from good).
NOTE Once Shabbat has begun:

• You may remove fish bones from fish while you are eating the fish, but not before you are eating the fish.
• You may cut open a melon such as a cantaloupe and shake the seeds out (this is because some of the seeds remain), or take a bite of the melon and spit out the seeds. But you may not remove any remaining seeds using your hand or an implement.

EXCEPTION If you take undesired elements along with the desired food, it is not considered to be separating:  you may use a specialized tool and it does not have to be eaten soon (within the normal food-preparation time).

To fulfill the havdala candle blessing borei me'orei ha'eish (“me'orei” is plural and requires more than one flame), you must use a candle with at least two wicks or any two other objects with a flame.

Buildings in a row, more than 10 amot (about 17.5 feet or about 5.3 m) wide and less than 10 amot (about 17.5 feet or about 5.3 m) from the adjacent buildings, constitute one eruv border for a domain and no eruv is needed on that side.

Eruv walls must total more than 50\% of the eruv border on each side, so that most of the expanse of the eruv is enclosed, either by an actual wall or by the form of a doorway (tzurat ha'petach), with no gate or gap over 10 amot (about 16' 8”, or 5 m) wide.
Note  In order to count as part of a border for a private domain, any doorway, gateway, archway, etc., must be intended to be a doorway, gateway, archway, etc.--and not there merely for decoration or function (as in supporting something above).
 

Walls that begin within 10 1/2” (27 cm) of the ground and extend upward to at least 40” (1 m) above the ground are kosher as eruv walls.