Situation You did not, at the time you said the fore-blessing, intend to continue eating along the way. You then ate at least 1.3 fl. oz. (39 ml, or 1/6 cup) of bread or mezonot within four minutes.

The limits of kilayim keep:

• Individual creations true to themselves, in the way they were created by God, and
• Different, or opposing, spiritual forces governing creation in their own places and within their own bounds.

In the holiness of the Tabernacle or Temple, where opposites were peaceably and constructively resolved, kilayim in the form of sha'atnez was not only permitted but formed the foundation of all main tapestries and two of the High Priest's garments. Kilayim-type laws apply today to:

• Animals (not yoking an ox and donkey together; not interbreeding, say, a horse and a donkey to produce a mule),
• Food (not eating milk with meat),
• Clothing - not wearing a garment made of a mixture of linen and wool (sha'atnez), and
• Plants (interplanting, interbreeding, and grafting different species).
  Note Vineyards in Eretz Yisrael may only be near fruit trees if:
  1. A wall divides fruit tree and vineyard, OR
  2. The vineyard is not a bona fide vineyard. A bona fide vineyard has at least 5 grapevines in at least two rows, with at least two vines in one row and three in the other. 

To be halachically considered “bread,” the item must have been baked and have air holes in it. To determine whether a food made of the Five Grains qualifies as bread (ha'motzi) or mezonot (borei minei mezonot), decide whether the food had been made to be eaten as a meal or as a snack.  If it was made to be:

• Bread (that is, for a meal), say ha'motzi.
• Mezonot (but you will eat a full meal), say ha'motzi.
• A snack, say borei minei mezonot.

Your fore-blessing covers all other same-category foods that you will eat at the same time (same sitting), if:

1. They are in front of you when you say the blessing, OR
2. You intend your blessing to cover all other same-category foods that you own and will eat at the same sitting--even if they are not in front of you when you make the blessing.
   Note You do not need to state your intention out loud, just think it.  If you usually have this intention but you forgot on an occasion, you do not need to say new blessings on the subsequent foods of that type that you already own.

• You say she'hakol over two kinds of she'hakol foods on your table.  The blessing also covers a third she'hakol food in your refrigerator and a fourth in your pantry that you know you own.
• You say she'hakol and are eating an omelette when a visitor brings you a gift of chocolates: you must say a new she'hakol]blessing before eating the chocolates.
  Note Anytime your spouse is serving you food, it is assumed that your initial fore-blessings will cover all food that you will eat.

• Guest at Someone's Home
  Whenever you are a guest at someone else's house, it is assumed that whatever foods you will eat, will be covered by your initial fore-blessing as long as they are in the same category.
• Attendee at Kiddush or Wedding
  If you say she'hakol over fish at a kiddush or wedding, the blessing covers all she'hakol foods in the room.
• Diner in Restaurant
  If you have made an order in a restaurant, all ordered foods will be covered by your first fore-blessing(s). However, if you later order more food, even if the fore-blessings are the same, you must still say a new fore-blessing.

Outside of Eretz Yisrael, you must affix a mezuza immediately once you begin "living" in your house--determined by the first time you eat or sleep in the house. If you buy a house but do not move in immediately (for any reason--repairs, you are still in your previous house, etc.), you should affix a mezuza but do not say the blessing. Then, when you do move in, remove the mezuza and re-affix it and say the blessing.
You need not affix a mezuza if you will be renting for less than 30 days, and you may delay putting up a mezuza until the 30th day if you will be renting longer than that. Here are the types of rentals that will require a mezuza by the 30th day:

• A home,
• An apartment, or
• Other accommodation--such as a camper, trailer, recreational vehicle (RV), etc.--in which you will live at some time.

NoteIf you are renting a vehicle/trailer that you will live in but might not keep it for 30 days, put on mezuzas as needed immediately but do not say a blessing (this is the same for in Eretz Yisrael or outside). Then, even if you keep it for more than 30 days, do not do anything additional (don't remove them and replace; don't say a blessing).

Whether a food made of the Five Grains qualifies as bread (ha'motzi) or mezonot (borei minei mezonot) depends on whether the food was intended to be eaten as a meal or as a snack, as follows:

• Bread for a meal: Say ha'motzi.
• Mezonot (but you will eat a full meal): Say ha'motzi.
• A snack (including bread as a snack): Say borei minei mezonot.
  Note Some foods may qualify as either ha'motzi or mezonot (such as pizza).
  Note Whether the bread/mezonot was made with fruit juice instead of water may not affect its blessing, since the blessing is determined by the food's intended use. “Mezonot” rolls on airline flights may still require the blessing of ha'motzi if you eat them as part of a meal.
  Note Bread that has been cut into small pieces and fried may be reduced in status from bread to mezonot.

In a non-bread food containing a mixture of grains, at least 20\% of the main ingredients must be from one of the Five Grains in order to require the fore-blessing (bracha rishona) of borei minei mezonot (after-blessing:al ha'michya).
If at least 20\% of a bread's flour is from one of the Five Grains, say a fore-blessing of ha'motzi (and birkat ha'mazon afterward if you ate at least 1.3 fl. oz. within four minutes).
Normally, the fore-blessing for bread (ha'motzi), or for other cooked or baked foods made from flour (borei minei mezonot), will override the remaining foods in a food mixture.
Say borei minei mezonot over:

• Cholent whose main ingredient is barley;
• Ice cream cone (ice cream + cone)—see “ice cream cone” for further details;
• Pie; and
• Cheesecake with any kind of crust.
  Note Cheesecakes are sold in bakeries and not in cheese stores, indicating that the mezonot part is more important than the cheese part as regards fore- and after-blessings.

Introduction to Missed Amida/Tashlumim
If you accidentally miss any amida, you may make up for it (tashlumin)--unless you intentionally missed it.

Amida: Errors: Missed Amida/Tashlumin: Regular Days
Missed Ma'ariv Amida
If you accidentally did not say the amida for ma'ariv:

• Say the normal shacharit amida the next morning with the other men in the minyan.
• Say ashrei.
• When the leader begins his repetition of the amida, say the amida along with him, word for word, including kedusha.
• After saying ha'el ha'kadosh, finish your amida at your own pace.
• If you are not with a minyan, say ashrei and then repeat the shacharit amida.

Missed Shacharit Amida
If you accidentally did not say the amida for shacharit:

• Say the normal mincha amida with the other men in the minyan.
• Say ashrei.

• When the leader begins his repetition of the amida, say the amida along with him, word for word, including kedusha.
• After saying ha'el ha'kadosh, finish your amida at your own pace.
• If you are not with a minyan, say ashrei and then say the mincha amida a second time.

Missed Mincha Amida
If you accidentally did not say the amida for mincha:

• Say the normal ma'ariv amida with the other men in the minyan.
• Say ashrei.
• Say the ma'ariv amida a second time. Skip modim.
• If you are not with a minyan, say ashrei a second time and repeat the ma'ariv amida.

Note At the next prayer service, say whatever is the correct amida for that later prayer service, even if it is not the same amida that you missed.
If you miss mincha on Friday, say the ma'ariv service for Shabbat and repeat that amida again.
Note Once the time for the next amida has passed, you may not make up the missed amida.
Example
If you missed mincha on Thursday, you may only say tashlumin for mincha as long as you may still say ma'ariv, which is daybreak of Friday morning.

Amida: Errors: Missed Amida/Tashlumin: Shabbat/Jewish Festivals
Even if you forgot to say a prayer service on Shabbat and Jewish festivals, say the next prayer service amida and repeat THAT amida to make up (tashlumin) for the one you missed--even if it is no longer Shabbat or the Jewish festival.
Exception
There is no tashlumin for musaf. However, you may say musaf until sunset, even if you already said mincha.
Note If the time for mincha has arrived (½ hour after halachic midday), you must say mincha before saying musaf (but if you could join a mincha minyan later, you may say musaf now).
Situation
You miss Shabbat mincha.
What to Do
Say ata chonantanu in ma'ariv, but only for the first time you say the amida, not the second time (which is tashlumin).
Situation
You forget to say ma'ariv on Saturday night.
What to Do
Say ata chonantanu on Sunday morning in the second amida (which is tashlumin).

If Doubt about Whether You Said Amida
If you are not certain whether you said an amida:

• On a weekday, assume that you did not say the amida and say it anyway.  Intend that:
  • If you forgot the previous amida, this makes up for it, and
  • If you did say the previous amida, the second one is a nedava (free-will “offering”).
• On Shabbat and Jewish festivals, do not say the amida twice as tashlumin.

            Reason You may not say a voluntary prayer service (nedava) on these days.
Men who intentionally delayed saying shacharit past the fourth halachic hour of the day still say that amida until midday but if they did not say it by midday, they may not say tashlumin. See Minyan: Keeping Pace: Shacharit Minyan.

At a minyan with a custom different from yours, say their version of kedusha.
 

You may say ha'gomel after recovering from a serious illness once you are able to walk around normally.

The first time each year that you see blossoms on an edible-fruit tree, say the blessing “shelo chisar ba'olamo davar….” It may be anytime throughout the year, not only in Nisan. If you live in a region in which fruit trees blossom all year round, you should say “shelo chisar”... in Nisan after you see some new blossoms.

Say Psalm 27 after alenu during Elul and most of Tishrei.  For more about Psalm 27, see When To Say Psalm 27/L'David Adonai Ori V'Yish'i.

Begin saying L'David Adonai ori v'yish'i (Psalm 27) on the first day (at night) of Elul, not the first day of Rosh Chodesh Elul (the 30th of Av). The last day to say this Psalm is 22nd of Tishrei (Shmini Atzeret). This Psalm is recited twice daily, in shacharit after shir shel yom and in ma'ariv after alenu, including on Shabbat and Jewish festivals.

Both genders may say tehilim at night without restriction on which tehilim may be said; they may be said all night (or day).