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Al HaGafen: Drinking Enough Wine/Grape Juice To Say After-Blessing
Say al ha'gafen after drinking at least a revi'it (3.3 fl. oz., or 99 ml) of wine (or grape juice) within 30 seconds.
Blessings:
Say she'asa et ha'yam ha'gadol when you can see an ocean or the Mediterranean sea, but only:
  • While you are present, and
  • After not having seen it for at least 30 days.
Note If you forgot to say it and returned the next day, you may not say the blessing.
Shacharit: Might Return To Sleep and Miss Latest Time To Say Shema
SITUATION You wake up after daybreak, but you might go back to sleep and thereby miss the time for saying mekadeish et shimcha ba'rabim and shema (both of which must be said by the third halachic hour of the day).
WHAT TO DOYou should say at least the:
  • Blessing on washing your hands,
  • Blessings on studying Torah, including Elohai neshama and all other related sayings, and
  • Complete shema--with the condition that:
    • If you sleep past the latest time for shema (sof zman kriat shema), this shema fulfills your obligation; but
    • If you do not go back to sleep, this shema does not fulfill your obligation.
    Then, whether you go back to sleep or not, having made the condition allows you to say the full blessing of mekadeish et shimcha ba'rabim, including God's name, if you get to l'olam yihei adam... before the third hour of the day.
    NOTE If you said the shema when you woke up but did not made the condition, you would not be able to say the concluding blessing mekadeish et shimcha ba'rabim with God's name when repeating the shema (but you may say it without using God's name: see When To Say Mekadeish et Shimcha BaRabim).
    NOTE If you go back to sleep, don't repeat the blessings on washing hands and studying Torah when you wake up.
VaYanuchu Vah
Say va'yanuchu “vah” in the Shabbat amida for all three prayer services plus musaf. Some prayer books have “vah” (in her) at night, “voh” (in him) for Saturday morning, and “vam” (in them) for Saturday afternoon.
 
Handwashing Blessing
Say the blessing on washing hands, ending in al netilat yadayim.
 
Blessings: Thunder
Say the blessing she'kocho u'gvurato malei olam if you hear thunder. (See Blessings: Thunder/Lightning: Which First)
Selichot
You may say selichot by yourself.
Note You may only say the paragraph with God's 13 Attributes/Midot (beginning with El melech...) if you are praying with a minyan.
Tefilat HaDerech: Boat
Say tefilat ha'derech in a boat that will be going at least 2.8 miles from shore.
SheHecheyanu: Cooked Fruit
Say she'hecheyanu on cooked fruit in season if that fruit is not normally available all year.  If the fruit is commonly available canned, you may not say she'hecheyanu on it at any time.
 
Bracha Rishona: Popcorn
Say borei pri ha'adama on popcorn.
Bracha Rishona: Fiddleheads
Say borei pri ha'adama on fiddleheads (unfurled fern tops in early spring).
Fore-Blessings: Sushi
Say the fore-blessing borei minei mezonot over sushi, since the rice is primary. If you are eating the sushi for the salmon (or other ingredient) in the middle, say she'hakol, too (or whatever blessing is correct for that important ingredient).
Note To say fore-blessings over sushi:
  • Say borei minei mezonot, then take a bite of rice (which may have nori, etc., on it).
  • Say she'hakol, then take a bite of fish (which may have rice, avocado, etc., stuck to it).
Amen before Shema
Some say the pre-shema blessing in shacharit or ma'ariv with the leader. Best is to finish the blessing before the leader does and then reply amen when he finishes saying the blessing. 
 
Saying Prayers Out Loud
Say prayers (and blessings) out loud, but not overly loud, in order to help you to concentrate on what you are saying.
Exception The main exception is the amida prayer, which is said quietly enough that you can hear yourself but that people near you cannot hear what you are saying.
Prayer near Feces
Don't say prayers or blessings within 6'7” (4 amot, or 2 m) (in any direction except in front of you) of any feces—human or animal—unless:
  • They have no odor, or 
  • They are covered by something and you cannot smell them.
Note If there are no feces in front of you as far as you can see, assume that none are there.